Izindaba Zenkampani
I-Tariff (ingxenye yokuqala)
*Meyi 8, 2025*
1, Umsuka Womlando Wezindleko
Izintela zinomlando omude futhi zake zaba umthombo oyinhloko wemali engenayo emazweni amaningi. Amarekhodi entela okuqala asekhona agcinwe ePalmyra, idolobha lasendulo elisogwadule lwaseSyria. Imibhalo esezindongeni zehhovisi lentela yedolobha inemininingwane yentela ekhokhiswa izigqila, izimpahla, uvolo odayiwe, amafutha anamakha, ukudla nezinye izinto ezeqa imingcele yalo.
Igama lesiNgisi elithi "tariff" lisuka egameni lesiFulentshi elithi "tarif" (elisho "ukusetha izintengo"), lona ngokwalo elisuka kwelesiNtaliyane elithi "tariffa" (esho "uhlu lwamanani" noma uhlelo lwentela). Le msuka yesiLatini sasendulo yangena kusichazamazwi saseNtshonalanga ngokusebenzisana nabantu baseTurkic, ilandelela emuva egameni lesi-Ottoman Turkish elithi "taʿrife" ("uhlu lwamanani" noma "ishejuli yentela"). Igama lesi-Turkish, lona, lisuka kwelesi-Persian elithi "taʿrefe" ("intengo engaguquki" noma "irisidi"), ekugcineni elisuka kwelesi-Arabhu elithi "taʿrīf" ("isaziso," "incazelo," noma "isimemezelo").
2, Ukuvela Kwezinqubomgomo Zentela
Ngemuva kweNkathi Yokuhlola yekhulu le-15, amandla aseYurophu andisa ukuhwebelana phesheya kwezilwandle, asusa ukuqoqwa kwengcebo kusuka ezinhlelweni ezisekelwe emhlabeni kuya kwezinsimbi eziyigugu. Lolu shintsho lugqugquzele izinqubomgomo zentela ze-mercanantilist ezihloselwe ukukhulisa imali egciniwe yegolide nesiliva.
Emazweni aseMelika, ukumelana namakholoni emalini yetiye ehlukile yaseBrithani kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngeBoston Tea Party (1773), eyaba ngumgqugquzeli weNguquko YaseMelika. Ithonywe izimfundiso zokuvikela zika-Alexander Hamilton, i-United States esanda kuzimela yamukela intela ephezulu evela kumongameli ka-George Washington ngenkathi ka-Harry Truman yangemva kwe-WWII. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zifaka phakathi umthetho odume kabi we-Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930), owabhebhethekisa Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho. Nakuba izintela ngokomlando zaziqinisa izimali ezingenayo zezwe, ukubaluleka kwazo kwezezimali kwehlile ngokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye nokukhuphuka kweminye imithombo yemali engenayo.
Izinselelo Zanamuhla:
Nakuba amanani entela evikela ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kudalule izithiyo zakhona, ikakhulukazi ekuhlanekeni kwemisebenzi nokwabiwa kwezinsiza. Ukuhlaziya okuqinile kuveza ukuthi amanani entengo ahlukanisa izinsiza ngokungalungile ngokukhetha ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya okungasebenzi kahle kunempahla evela ngaphandle.
3, Ukuhlaziywa Komnotho ngohlobo Lwezwe
| Uhlobo Lwezwe | Izici | Welfare Impact |
| Okuncane, Ukusebenza Okuphansi | Ukusetshenziswa okuphansi kanye nokukhiqiza okungasebenzi kahle (kuncike ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe). | Ukulahlekelwa kwe-surplus yabathengi kwehlukana kube: |
| Okukhulu, Ukusebenza Okuphansi | Ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kodwa ukukhiqizwa okungasebenzi kahle (ikakhulukazi ukuthengwa kwamanye amazwe). | Uma imali engenayo yentela (S) evela kubakhiqizi bangaphandle idlula (b + d), izinzuzo sezizonke ziyavela. Inani eliphezulu lentengo lenzeka ku-S = b + d, ukuvikeleka kokulinganisa nokusebenza kahle. |
| Okuncane, Ukusebenza Okuphezulu | Ukusetshenziswa okuphansi kodwa ukukhiqizwa okusebenza kahle kakhulu (ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuyabusa). | Izindleko zokuthekelisa kwamanye amazwe zingase zizuzise isizwe uma amazwe angenisayo ebeka amanani entengo. Izintela zokuthekelisa zamaqhinga zingamelana nezithiyo zohwebo lwangaphandle. |
| Okukhulu, Ukusebenza Okuphezulu | Ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu nokusebenza kahle (kungaba umthumeli-mpahla ngaphandle noma ongenisa ngaphandle). | Amandla ayinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yosayizi wemakethe. Izindleko zokuthumela ngaphandle zingathuthukisa inhlalakahle kazwelonke ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. |
4, Ukufaneleka Kwesimanje
Izintela zihlala ziyinkemba esika nhlangothi zombili. Nakuba zivikela izimboni futhi zenza imali engenayo, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kuphazamisa uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla emhlabeni wonke futhi kukhuphule izindleko zabathengi. Isibonelo, ukukhuphuka kwentela kuka-2025 e-US-China (kufika ku-157% ezimpahleni zaseShayina kanye no-125% ezikhiqizweni zase-US) sekucishe kwamiswa uhwebo lwamazwe amabili, okubonisa izikhali zesimanje ze-geopolitical of tariffs. Ngokuphambene, izivumelwano zesifunda ezifana ne-RCEP ne-CPTPP zikhuthaza ukuncishiswa kwentela, okubonisa ukuthambekela okumbaxambili kokuvikela nokukhululwa.
