Nkhani Za Kampani
Tariff (gawo loyamba)
*Meyi 8, 2025*
1, Mbiri Yakale ya Misonkho
Misonkho ndi mbiri yakale ndipo kale inali gwero lalikulu la ndalama zamayiko ambiri. Zolemba zakale kwambiri za msonkho zasungidwa ku Palmyra, mzinda wakale m'chipululu cha Suriya. Zolemba pa makoma a ofesi yoona za kasitomu mumzindawo zimafotokoza za misonkho imene akapolo, katundu, ubweya wa nkhosa, mafuta onunkhira, zakudya, ndi zinthu zina zimene zimadutsa malire ake.
Mawu achingerezi akuti "tariff" amachokera ku liwu lachi French loti "tarif" (kutanthauza "kukhazikitsa mitengo"), lomwe palokha limachokera ku "tariffa" ya Chiitaliya (kutanthauza "mndandanda wamitengo" kapena ndandanda ya msonkho). Mizu yakale yachilatini iyi idalowa mu lexicon yaku Western kudzera mukuchita zinthu ndi anthu aku Turkic, kuyambira ku liwu la Ottoman Turkish "taʿrife" ("mndandanda wamitengo" kapena "ndandanda yamitengo"). Mawu achi Turkey, nawonso, amachokera ku "taʿrefe" waku Persian ("mtengo wokhazikika" kapena "chiphaso"), omwe amazikidwa mu Chiarabu "taʿrīf" ("chidziwitso," "tanthauzo," kapena "chilengezo").
2, Kusintha kwa Ndondomeko za Mtengo
Pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1500, maulamuliro a ku Ulaya adakulitsa malonda akunja, kusamutsa chuma chochuluka kuchoka ku machitidwe opangira nthaka kupita ku zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Kusintha kumeneku kunalimbikitsa ndondomeko za msonkho wa mercantilist pofuna kukweza nkhokwe za golide ndi siliva.
Ku America, kukana kwa atsamunda ku masiyanidwe a tiyi aku Britain kudafikira pachipani cha Boston Tea Party (1773), chomwe chidayambitsa Revolution ya America. Potengera ziphunzitso za Alexander Hamilton zoteteza chitetezo, United States yomwe idangodziyimira yokha idatengera ndalama zambiri kuchokera kwa utsogoleri wa George Washington kudzera mu nthawi ya Harry Truman pambuyo pa WWII. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino zikuphatikiza lamulo lodziwika bwino la Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930), lomwe lidakulitsa Kukhumudwa Kwakukulu. Ngakhale kuti mitengo yamitengo idalimbikitsa ndalama zomwe boma limatulutsa, kufunikira kwake kwachuma kwatsika chifukwa cha kudalirana kwa mayiko komanso kukwera kwa njira zina zopezera ndalama.
Mavuto Amakono:
Ngakhale kuti mitengo yamtengo wapatali imateteza zokolola zapakhomo, kudalirana kwa mayiko kwavumbula zovuta zake, makamaka pakusokoneza ntchito ndi kugawidwa kwazinthu. Kuwunika kokhazikika kukuwonetsa kuti mitengo yamitengo imagawanitsa chuma molakwika pokomera zokolola zapakhomo zomwe sizili bwino kuposa zogulitsa kunja.
3, Kusanthula Zachuma ndi Mtundu wa Dziko
| Mtundu wa Dziko | Makhalidwe | Welfare Impact |
| Zochepa, Zochepa Zogwira Ntchito | Kugwiritsa ntchito pang'ono komanso kupanga kosagwira ntchito (kumadalira kugulitsa kunja). | Consumer surplus loss igawika mu: |
| Chachikulu, Chochepa Kwambiri | Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri koma kupanga kosakwanira (makamaka kugulitsa kunja). | Ngati ndalama za tariff (S) zochokera kwa opanga akunja zipitilira (b + d), phindu limapezeka. Misonkho yoyenera imapezeka pa S = b + d, kuteteza chitetezo ndi mphamvu. |
| Yaing'ono, Yapamwamba-Mwachangu | Kugwiritsa ntchito pang'ono koma kupanga kothandiza kwambiri (zogulitsa kunja zimalamulira). | Misonkho yotumiza kunja ikhoza kupindulitsa dziko ngati mayiko omwe akutumiza kunja ali ndi msonkho. Misonkho yotumiza kunja imatha kuthana ndi zopinga zamalonda zakunja. |
| Chachikulu, Chochita Mwachangu | Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri komanso kuchita bwino (kutha kukhala kugulitsa kunja kapena kunja). | Mphamvu zovuta chifukwa cha kukula kwa msika. Mitengo yotumizira kunja imatha kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha dziko pamikhalidwe inayake. |
4, Kufunika Kwamakono
Mitengo imakhalabe lupanga lakuthwa konsekonse. Ngakhale amateteza mafakitale ndikupanga ndalama, kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kumasokoneza mayendedwe apadziko lonse lapansi ndikuwonjezera ndalama za ogula. Mwachitsanzo, kukwera kwa mitengo ya US-China mu 2025 (mpaka 157% pa katundu wa China ndi 125% pa katundu wa US) kwatsala pang'ono kuyimitsa malonda a mayiko awiriwa, zomwe zikuwonetsera zida zamakono zamakono. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mapangano a m'madera monga RCEP ndi CPTPP amalimbikitsa kuchepetsa mitengo yamitengo, kusonyeza njira ziwiri zotetezera ndi kumasula.
