Nhau dzekambani
Mutero (chikamu chekutanga)
*Chivabvu 8, 2025*
1, Mavambo eNhoroondo yeTariffs
Mitero ine nhoroondo refu uye yaimbova sosi yemari yemari kumarudzi mazhinji. Zvinyorwa zvekare zvemitero zvakasara zvakachengetwa muPalmyra, guta rekare mugwenga reSyria. Zvinyorwa zvaiva pamadziro ehofisi yokupinza zvinhu munyika yeguta racho zvine mashoko emitero yaibhadhariswa varanda, zvinhu, mvere dzemakwai dzakadhayiwa, mafuta anonhuhwirira, zvokudya, nezvimwe zvinhu zvinenge zvichidarika miganhu yayo.
Izwi reChirungu rekuti "tariff" rinobva paizwi rechiFrench rekuti "tarif" (rinoreva "kuseta mitengo"), iro pacharo rinobva mumutauro weItalian "tariffa" (zvichireva "runyorwa rwemitengo" kana chirongwa chemutero). Uyu mudzi wekare wechiLatin wakapinda muduramazwi rekuMadokero kuburikidza nekudyidzana nevanhu veTurkic, vachidzokera kuOttoman Turkish izwi rekuti "taʿrife" ("runyorwa rwemitengo" kana "hurongwa hwemitero"). Izwi reTurkey, zvakare, rinobva kuPersian "taʿrefe" ("mutengo wakatarwa" kana "risiti"), rakazodzika midzi muchiArabic "taʿrīf" ("chiziviso," "tsanangudzo," kana "chiziviso").
2, Evolution yeTariff Policies
Mushure mezana ramakore re15th Age of Exploration, masimba eEurope akawedzera kutengeserana mhiri kwemakungwa, achichinja kuunganidzwa kwehupfumi kubva kune feudal land-based system kuenda kumatare anokosha. Shanduko iyi yakakurudzira mitero yemercantilist ine chinangwa chekuwedzera goridhe nesirivheri zvakachengetwa.
MuAmerica, kuramba kwekoloni kuBritish kusiyanisa mutero wetii kwakaguma neBoston Tea Party (1773), inokonzeresa Revolution yeAmerica. Vachifurirwa nedzidziso dzedziviriro dzaAlexander Hamilton, United States ichangobva kuzvimiririra yakatora mutero wepamusoro kubva kumutungamiri weGeorge Washington kuburikidza nenguva yaHarry Truman yepashure peWWII. Mienzaniso inocherechedzwa inosanganisira yakashata Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930), iyo yakawedzera Kuderera Kukuru. Nepo mitero yaimbotsigira mihoro yenyika, kukosha kwavo kwemari kwadzikira nekudyidzana kwepasi rose uye nekukwira kwemamwe masosi emari.
Matambudziko Azvino:
Nepo mitero ichidzivirira kugadzirwa kwemumba, kudyidzana kwepasi rose kwakafumura zvimhingamupinyi zvadzo, kunyanya mukukanganisa basa nekugovewa kwezviwanikwa. Kuongorora kwakadzama kunoratidza kuti tariffs inopatsanura zviwanikwa nekufarira kugadzirwa kwemumba kusingashande pane zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika.
3, Ongororo yehupfumi neNyika Type
| Nyika Type | Hunhu | Welfare Impact |
| Diki, Yakaderera-Kubudirira | Kushandiswa kwakaderera uye kugadzirwa kusingashande (kunoenderana nekutengesa kunze kwenyika). | Kurasikirwa kwevatengi kunopatsanurwa kuita: |
| Yakakura, Yakaderera-Kubudirira | Kushandiswa kwakanyanya asi kugadzirwa kusingashande (kunyanya kupinza). | Kana mari yemutero (S) kubva kune vagadziri vekunze ichipfuura (b + d), mambure ekuwana anomuka. Optimal tariff inoitika paS = b + d, kuenzanisa kuchengetedza uye kugona. |
| Diki, High-Kubudirira | Kushandiswa kwakaderera asi kugadzirwa kwakanyanya (kutengesa kunze kunotonga). | Mitengo yemitengo yekunze inogona kubatsira nyika kana nyika dzinotenga kunze dzikatemera mutero. Strategic mitero yekunze inogona kurwisa zvipingamupinyi zvekutengeserana kune dzimwe nyika. |
| Huru, High-Kubudirira | Kushandiswa kwakanyanya uye kugona (kunogona kunge kuri kunze kwenyika kana kupinza kunze kwenyika). | Complex dynamics nekuda kwekukura kwemusika. Mitero yekuendesa kunze kwenyika inogona kusimudzira hutano hwenyika pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu. |
4, Contemporary Relevance
Tariffs inoramba iri bakatwa rinocheka nekwose. Nepo ivo vachidzivirira maindasitiri uye vachiunza mari, kushandiswa kwakanyanya kunovhiringa cheni dzepasirese uye kunowedzera mutengo wevatengi. Semuyenzaniso, kukwira kwemitengo yeUS-China muna 2025 (kusvika 157% pazvinhu zveChinese uye 125% pazvinhu zvinotengeswa neUS) kwave pedyo nekumisa kutengeserana kwenyika mbiri, zvichiratidza kushandiswa kwemazuva ano kwemitero. Sezvineiwo, zvibvumirano zvedunhu seRCEP neCPTPP zvinokurudzira kudzikiswa kwemitero, zvichiratidza maitiro maviri ekudzivirira uye kusununguka.
